Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

by Tarah Doyle, M.A./CAGS School Psychologist

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurobiological developmental disorders, affecting 3-7% of children. ADHD is usually diagnosed in childhood and can persist into adolescence, and in some cases, adulthood. Symptoms of ADHD include difficulty paying attention and staying focused, difficulty controlling behavior, and hyperactivity (over-activity). The symptoms of ADHD can be difficult to manage and can negatively impact many aspects of daily life including home, school, work, and interpersonal functioning.

There are three subtypes of ADHD:  predominantly hyperactive-impulsive, predominantly inattentive, and combined hyperactive-impulsive and inattentive.  Most children have the combined type of ADHD. 

Symptoms

Inattention may include some/all of the following symptoms:

  • Easily distracted, miss details, forgetful, and/or frequently switch from one activity to the next.
  • Difficulty focusing on just one thing.
  • Quickly become bored after only a few minutes of doing a task, unless it is something the child finds enjoyable.
  • Difficulty focusing attention on organizing and completing a task or learning something new
  • Trouble completing or turning in homework assignments, often losing materials needed to complete these tasks/activities (e.g. worksheets, pencils, class notes).
  • Appears not to listen when spoken to
  • Daydreaming, moving slowly, and easily confused.
  • Difficulty processing information as quickly or accurately as others.
  • Difficulty or struggle in following directions.

Hyperactivity may include some/all of the following symptoms:

  • Fidgety
  • Excessive talking
  • Trouble sitting still
  • Constantly in motion

Impulsivity may include some/all of the following symptoms:

  • May blurt out answers without raising hand and/or before the questions are completed
  • Difficulty waiting or taking turns
  • Interrupts or intrudes upon others

Evaluation

There is no single test to determine if a child has ADHD.  Diagnosis requires a comprehensive evaluation to rule out other causes of problematic behavior.  A comprehensive evaluation takes time and should include information from multiple sources such as the parent, teachers, and child.  Information gathered aims to assess the child's school, social, and emotional functioning, and developmental level.  Children with ADHD frequently have learning disabilities and may qualify for special education services.  Licensed health care professionals are qualified to diagnose ADHD, however the only individuals eligible to prescribe medication is a medical doctor.

Treatment

The most effective treatment of ADHD is a combination of multiple approaches and interventions across various settings.

  • Parent Training/ Education Regarding ADHD
  • Behavioral Intervention Strategies
  • Medication (when necessary)
  • Appropriate Educational Program

It is important for parents to be educated about ADHD and be taught strategies for managing their child's difficult behavior(s) and unique learning style.  Behavioral intervention is critical, specifically positive reinforcement of desired behavior.  Consistency is also important when treating a child with ADHD.  In some cases medication may be a necessary part of treatment, but not all require it.

In addition to behavioral interventions, children may be eligible for special education services if an ADHD diagnosis is preventing the child from making effective progress at school. Parents or teachers can request that public schools evaluate a child to determine whether the child is eligible for special education services.

It can be challenging and difficult for families to cope with ADHD, but it is treatable.  Once a licensed professional diagnoses a child with ADHD, treatment options can be discussed.  Treatment may or may not include medication, but always includes a combination of approaches, interventions, and services to help children reach their potential.

The information in the article above was drawn from the following sources:

Additional Sources of Information

Disclaimer: Material on the Project INTERFACE web site is intended as general information. It is not a recommendation for treatment, nor should it be considered medical or mental health advice. Project INTERFACE urges families to discuss all information and questions related to medical or mental health care with a health care professional.